The most varied of all the South American nations, Peru is often visualized as a mountainous place, many visitors remaining unaware of the splendour of the country's immense desert coastline and its vast tracts of tropical rainforest. Dividing these contrasting environments is a range of breathtaking peaks, the Andes, over six thousand metres high and four hundred kilometres wide in places, rippling the entire length of the country.

So distinct are these three regions that it is very difficult to generalize about the country, but one thing for sure is that Peru offers unrivalled opportunities to experience an unusually wide range of spectacular scenery, as well as a wealth of human culture. There's a rich diversity of music, dance and the visual arts from every one of its distinctive regions, and Peruvian cuisine is some of the best in the Americas, partly because of the oceanic and tropical resources from which it draws.

The Incas and their native allies were unable to resist the mounted, fire-armed Conquistadors, and following the Spanish Conquest in the sixteenth century the colony developed by exploiting its Inca treasures, vast mineral deposits and the essentially slave labour which the colonists extracted from the indigenous people.

After achieving independence from the Spanish in the early nineteenth century, Peru became a republic in traditional South American style, and although it is still very much dominated by the Spanish and mestizo descendants of Pizarro, about half the population are of pure Indian blood. In many rural parts of the country, native life has changed little in the last four centuries. However, "progress" is gradually transforming much of Peru – already most cities wear a distinctly Western aspect, and roads or tracks now connect almost every corner of the republic with the industrial cities that dominate the few fertile valleys along the coast. Only the Amazon jungle, nearly two-thirds of Peru's landmass but home to a mere fraction of its population, remains beyond the reach of Peru's coastal markets.

A fantastic land of gold, Peru was sixteenth-century Europe's major source of treasure, and once the home of the largest empire in the world – the sun-worshipping Incas. Since then, the riches of the Incas have fired the European imagination: the country was home to the world's first stone pyramids, whose genuine antiquity was only discovered in the last few years of the twentieth century. Meanwhile the desert coast is studded with monumental adobe temples and ruins from several pre-Inca civilizations. These archeological sites generate more than enough awe and wonder to attract visitors and pilgrims from all over the globe. Equally unique and appealing however, is the sheer beauty of the country's landscapes, the abundance of its wildlife, and the strong character of the people.